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Greek Summer Offensive (1920)
The Greek Summer Offensive of 1920 was an offensive by the Greek army, assisted by British forces, to capture the southern region of the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Region from the Kuva-yi Milliye (National Forces) of the provisional Turkish national movement government in Ankara. Additionally, the Greek and British forces were supported by the Kuva-yi Inzibatiye (Forces of Order) of the Ottoman government in Constantinople, which sought to crush the Turkish nationalist forces. The offensive was part of the Greco-Turkish War and was one of several engagements where British troops assisted the advancing Greek army. British troops actively took part in invading coastal towns of the Sea of Marmara. With the approval of the Allies, the Greeks started their offensive on 22 June 1920 and crossed the 'Milne Line'.〔Stanley Sandler: ''Ground Warfare: H-Q'', ABC-CLIO, 2002, ISBN 1576073440, page 337.〕〔Olivier Roy: ''Turkey Today: A European Country?'', ISBN 1843311720, page 123.〕 The 'Milne Line' was the demarcation line between Greece and Turkey, laid down in Paris.〔Michael Brecher: ''Study of Crisis'', ISBN 0472108069, University of Michigan Press, 1997, page 363.〕 Resistance by the Turks was limited, as they had few and ill-equipped troops in western Anatolia.〔 They were also busy on the eastern and southern fronts with their limited number of troops.〔〔 After offering some opposition, they retreated to Eskişehir on Mustafa Kemal Pasha's order.〔
==Prelude==
In May 1920, the Kuva-yi Inzibatiye, backed by the British, had been sent to seize the area of Geyve and İzmit, but they were repelled by the Turkish irregular forces. Subsequently British aeroplanes bombed the Turkish positions in İzmit with little outcome.〔 3 regiments from the Kuva-yi Inzibatiye entrenched themselves at the outsirts of İzmit. Behind them were 2-3 British battalions and furthermore they were backed up by several British battleships from the sea.〔 On 15 June, the Turks tried to advance towards the Ottoman and British positions, but they made little progress, as British battleships and planes started to bomb them on 16–17 June.〔Sinan Meydan, 2010, pages 342-344〕 On this occasion, the British 15 inch naval guns saw their first action by bombing Turkish positions.〔(''BRITISH USE 15-INCH GUNS'' ), The Mercury, 22 June 1920.〕〔(''British 15-inch Naval Guns - Imperial War Museum, Lambeth, London, UK'' ), waymarking.com〕
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